Similarly, the instructor can prepare the prediscussion assignment more effectively while conducting research for the classroom period. Research has shown that learning is an active processthe more involved students are in the process, the better they learn. Any of these may be appropriate at one time or another. End users of the aircraft, such as the major airlines, can purchase the training materials with the aircraft in order to accomplish both initial and recurrent training of their personnel. This research has revealed that effective instructors come in many forms, but they generally possess four essential teaching skills: people skills, subject matter expertise, management skills, and assessment skills. With a briefing, the speaker presents a concise array of facts to the listeners who normally do not expect elaboration of supporting material. VR uses graphics with animation systems, sounds, and images to reproduce electronic versions of real-life experience. On the other hand, a student needs knowledge in order to build understanding of a subject, One last disadvantage of the lecture is that it does not foster attainment of certain types of learning outcome, such as motor skills, need to be perfected via hands-on practice. The instructor should remember that the more intense the discussion and the greater the participation, the more effective the learning. More often, the assessment is formal and results recorded to certify the students progress in the course. 1 shows the conceptual model of an instructor's work during an SBT session, following the design of our simulator concept. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by Posted at 20:01h in what does mr mckee want from tom by Teaching methods or training delivery methods are discussed, as well as the use of instructional aids, In education, a course of training is a complete series of studies leading to attainment of a specific goal. [Figure 4-18] The brilliant light source concentrated at a short distance makes it possible to use the projector in lighted areas. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by. Criterion validity means that the completion standards for the test are reflective of acceptable standards in actual flight. While developing the lesson, the instructor also should strongly consider the use of examples and personal experiences related to the subject of the lesson, After completing the preliminary planning and writing of the lesson plan, the instructor should rehearse the lecture to build self-confidence. In other words, they must mean the same thing to any knowledgeable reader. There are three stages of action. In teaching a skill, the instructor must convey to the students the precise actions they are to perform. Using simulation devices, computer networks, and multimedia programs, students become more actively involved and responsible for their own training. Students are often accustomed to dramatic, action-packed movies or games designed as entertainment. An effective instructor understands what can be realistically achieved within the allotted time, makes the best use of the time available, allows enough time for what must be done, preserves contingency time to handle the unexpected, and minimizes stress by not planning too much for the allotted time, Management skills also come into play for the aviation instructor who is teaching a class of students. Moreover, the student should feel a personal responsibility to contribute. Every time practice occurs, learning continues. By being well prepared, an effective instructor presents and applies lesson material, and also periodically assesses how well the learner is learning. If, due to some unanticipated circumstances, the demonstration does not closely conform to the explanation, this deviation should be immediately acknowledged and explained, Because these two phases, which involve separate actions, are performed concurrently, they are discussed here under a single heading. The instructor also can write on a blank transparency as the lesson progresses, much like a chalk or marker board. Again, the objectives must be clear, measurable, and repeatable. Conditions and criteria should be refined as necessary. Juni 2022; Beitrags-Kategorie: xrp fee calculator; Beitrags-Kommentare: . Accident data is available at NTSBs Aviation Accident Database & Synopses at www.ntsb.gov/ntsb/query.asp/, Electronic learning or e-learning has become an umbrella term for any type of education that involves an electronic component such as the Internet, a network, a stand-alone computer, CD/DVDs, video conferencing, websites, or email in its delivery. Consequently, CDs and DVDs have replaced many of the projection-type instructional aids, For instructors, the convenience of CDs and DVDs is certainly an advantage. His flight is a go, yet, 15 miles from College Airport he descends to 1,000 feet to stay below the lowering clouds and encounters rain and lowering visibility to 3 miles. C. cannot accept the real reasons for their behavior. In aviation, the term "training syllabus" is commonly used and in this context it is a step-by-step, building block progression of learning with provisions for regular review and assessments at prescribed stages of learning. Instructors will find the following suggestions helpful in planning a discussion lesson. The capability to stop, freeze, and replay information is helpful for both instructors and students. Since much of the new technology is based on computer technology, instructors with well-developed computer skills are in demand, Although the explosion of training technology offers new opportunities, instructors must remember their main teaching goals and be selectively receptive to new possibilities. The teaching process consists of four steps: preparation, presentation, application, and assessment. Depending on the requirements of any particular circumstances, a lecture is usually delivered in one of four ways: Reading from a typed or written manuscript, Reciting memorized material without the aid of a manuscript, Speaking extemporaneously from an outline, The teaching lecture is probably best delivered in an extemporaneous manner. The software may include additional features such as image banks with full color photos and graphics, as well as questions or directions which are programmed to create interactivity for students as they progress through the course, The questions or directions are programmed using a branching technique, which provides several possible courses of action for the user to choose in order to move from one sequence to another. Instructors need not refer to another document to evaluate student performance. Lectures can be used to present information that would be difficult for the students to get in other ways, particularly if the students do not have the time required for research, or if they do not have access to reference material. The chalk or marker board is a widely used tool for instructors. For instance, scale replicas are often very expensive. [Figure 4-8], In the teaching lecture, simple rather than complex words should be used whenever possible. If the instructor sees puzzled expressions, denoting that the students do not understand the question, it should be rephrased in a slightly different form. This is a good indication that the original version was confusing to that person. Instead, instructors become supportive facilitators. Its versatility and effectiveness provide several advantages for most types of instruction. Review and assessment are integral parts of each classroom, and/or flight lesson. Finally, lectures may be combined with other teaching methods to give added meaning and direction, The lecture method of teaching needs to be very flexible since it may be used in different ways. While a computer, screen, and projector may be needed for the classroom, a laptop computer may be all that is needed for the one-on-one presentation. Well- designed course outlines are especially useful to students because they list the key points and help students organize note taking during a lecture, Aviation instructors must cover a broad range of aeronautical knowledge and skill training for pilots and AMTs. [Figure 4-4], The description of the skill or behavior explains the desired outcome of the instruction. Consider the continued expansion of technical terminology in everyday usage. Less information at first is easier to absorb, By using something the student already knows as the point of departure, the instructor can lead into new ideas and concepts. The planning should take into consideration the wind conditions, arrival paths, communication procedures, available runways, recommended traffic patterns, and courses of action in the event the unexpected occurs. The tendency toward unnecessarily distracting artwork also should be avoided, Instructional aids should appeal to the student and be based on sound principles of instructional design. Sometimes, in the process of writing the objective, a difficulty is encountered. At times, instructors may feel that they are doing more one-on-one instruction than in a normal classroom setting, but repetitive forms of teaching may be accomplished by computer. Facts and ideas that have been logically organized can be concisely presented in rapid sequence. For example, the student controls the pace of instruction, reviews previous material, jumps forward, and receives instant feedback. Likewise, military pilots use flight training devices or flight simulators to prepare for flying aircraft, such as the A-10, for which there are no two-seat training versions. The first of these phases is the students performance of the physical or mental skills that have been explained and demonstrated. Periodic review and assessment by the instructor is necessary to ensure that the student has not acquired any bad habits, As the student becomes proficient with the fundamentals of flight and aircraft maneuvers or maintenance procedures, the instructor should increasingly emphasize ADM as a means of applying what has been previously learned. The alert reader has already noted that the conditions and criteria changed slightly during the development of these objectives, and that is exactly the way it will occur. They are essential for reporting complicated information. [Figure 4-14] The popularity of simulation games that provide players with complex situations and opportunities to learn have drawn educators into the gaming field as they seek interactive educational games that help students retain subject matter learning, The advantages of simulation/role-playing games come as the student learns new information, develops skills, connects and manipulates information. First of all, instructors need to begin planning early to determine what the student group is expected to learn and to be able to do on their own. [Figure 4-11] Planning the guided discussion as well as learning how to ask the type of questions used in guided discussions are assets for any aviation instructor, In 1966, the McMaster University School of Medicine in Canada pioneered a new approach to teaching and curriculum design called problem-based learning (PBL). One way to increase retention during a lecture is to use the discussion method of training delivery, The discussion method modifies the pure lecture form by using lecture and then discussion to actively integrate the student into the learning process. Thus, the student pilot exhibits knowledge of all the elements involved in a poweroff stall as listed in the PTS, As discussed in chapter 2, humans develop cognitive skills through active interaction with the world. In many cases, visual symbols and slogans can replace in-depth explanations. Well-designed interactive video, when properly used, is highly effective as an instructional aid. With elearning, sophisticated databases can organize vast amounts of information that can be quickly sorted, searched, found, and cross-indexed, Due to the active nature of e-learning, the overall learning process is enhanced in several ways. In many classrooms, students may not be able to see the lower half, Stand to one side of the board to avoid hiding the essential information, Adjust lighting as necessary to remove glare, Print media, including photographs, reproductions of pictures, drawings, murals, cartoons, and other print materials are valuable supplemental aids. For example, Marks closest friends bought him a ticket for a playoff game at their alma mater and they paid him to rent an airplane. In contrast, training media are generally described as any physical means that communicates an instructional message to students. Another example is dead reckoning, which forces pilots to be aware of there surroundings at all times. Confusion, disinterest, and uneasiness on the part of the student could happen as a result of not knowing the. Organizing a lesson so the students grasp the logical relationships of ideas is not an easy task, but it is necessary if the students are to learn and remember what they have learned. Use flight deck technology in a safe and appropriate way, Be confident in a wide variety of flight situations, and, The teaching process organizes the material an instructor wishes to teach in such a way that the learner understands what is being taught. Leadoff questions should usually begin with how or why. The goal might be a certificate of completion, graduation, or an academic degree. Throughout the time the instructor prepares the students for their discussion, they should be made aware of the lesson objective(s). The instructor should avoid the temptation to use the aids as a crutch. Each student should be encouraged to accept responsibility for contributing to the discussion and benefiting from it. If possible, the instructor should have another knowledgeable person, preferably another instructor, observe the practice sessions and act as a critic. Unlike younger students, no law requires they attend school, they are paying for the training, and they expect the instructor to make wise use of their time, To manage time well, it is important that an instructor look at the time available and plan how to use the time to achieve the lesson goals. If the student wishes to repeat a section or a portion of the section, it can be done at any time merely by clicking on the appropriate icon, In teaching aviation students, CAL programs can be used by the instructor as another type of reference for students to study. During this research process, the instructor should also earmark reading material that appears to be especially appropriate as background material for students. To be a teacher implies one has completed some type of formal training, has specialized knowledge, has been certified or validated in some way, and adheres to a set of standards of performance. Because improper pilot decisions cause a significant percentage of all accidents and the majority of fatal accidents in light single- and twin-engine aircraft, SBT challenges the student or transitioning pilot with a variety of flight scenarios with the goal of reducing accidents. The pilot did not report any mechanical deficiencies with the airplane during the attempted approaches. In most cases, the objective is listed along with sufficient conditions to describe the scope of the objective. Through discussion, the students develop an understanding of the subject by sharing knowledge, experiences, and backgrounds. During a classroom session, the instructor should provide students with an overview of the presentation before showing it. In recent years, video (VHS, compact disks (CDs), digital video disks (DVDs), or computer files), and computer slide shows incorporating text, graphics, video, and animations, have pushed aside traditional training aids. For example, the subsystems within a physical unit are relatively easy to relate to each other through the use of schematics or diagrams. For example, a flight instructor should not rely exclusively on a software program on traffic patterns and landings to do the ground instruction for a student pilot, then expect the student to demonstrate patterns and landings in the aircraft. The actual training requirements are based in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) and other publications used by designated pilot and maintenance examiners when they conduct practical tests. The overhead question is directed to the entire group to stimulate thought and response from each group member. The interim summary may be omitted after discussing the last learning outcome when it is more expedient for the instructor to present the first part of the conclusion. Within seconds, what is perceived as the most important information is passed to the working or short-term memory where it is processed for possible storage in the long-term memory. This, coupled with culturally diverse backgrounds of todays students, makes it necessary for instructors to be precise in their choice of terminology. As training becomes more detailed and complex, instructor-oriented materials can be a valuable instructional aid for aviation instructors. The main concern is to gain the attention of everyone and concentrate on the subject. In many cases, this type of supplemental training media may be reproduced in a format for projection on a screen or other clear surface, Charts, diagrams, and graphs include any printed material which gives information in tabular form. In this way, the students are encouraged to make contributions that supplement the lecture. [Figure 4-12] E-learning comes in many formats. Early in a lesson that is to include demonstration and performance, the instructor should identify the most important learning outcomes. Major airlines have highlevel flight simulators that are so realistic that transitioning crews meet all qualifications in the flight simulator. However in the teaching lecture, the feedback is not nearly as obvious and is much harder to interpret. If they are not written, they become subject to the fallibility of recall, interpretation, or loss of specificity with time, Performance-based objectives consist of three elements: description of the skill or behavior, conditions, and criteria. To ensure clarity and variety, the instructor should normally use sentences of short and medium length. For example, eligibility, knowledge, proficiency, and experience requirements for pilots and AMT students are stipulated in the regulations, and the standards are published in the applicable PTS or oral and practical tests (O&Ps). Sarcasm and/or ridicule should never be used, since they inhibit the spontaneity of the participants. In a typical lesson, an effective instructor normally uses a combination of methods. The following conditions and controls are useful for cooperative learning, but do not need to be used every time an instructor assigns a group learning project: Clear, complete instructions of what students are to do, in what order, with what materials, and when appropriatewhat students are to do as evidence of their mastery of targeted content and skills, Student perception of targeted objectives as their own, personal objectives, Student access to and comprehension of required information, Recognition and rewards for group success, Time after completion of group tasks for students to systematically reflect upon how they worked together as a team, In practice, cooperative or group learning in aviation training is normally modified to adapt to school policy or for other valid reasons. Whenever possible, the instructor should use specific rather than general words. ), Select a topic the students can profitably discuss. In addition, instructors should be available to summarize the presentation and answer any questions students may have regarding content, "Interactive" refers broadly to computer software that responds quickly to certain choices and commands by the user. This results when the material is presented as an authentic problem in a situated environment that allows the learner to "make meaning" of the information based on his or her past experience and personal interpretation. Although the lecture method is useful in providing information, it is not an effective method of learning large amounts of information in a short time. As is the case with the technician, there are times when a less used tool is the exact tool needed for a particular situation.
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