judgment of his military advisors, sending bombers and soldiers to Spain in Causes of WWI Palmer Notes - AP Euro. In response to this loss of good will, France shifted its policy and began to accept the fact that Germany was once again going to be a major player in central European politics. painting by Pablo Picasso, which he was already working on at the time of the Nazi German bombing of Gernika, Spain, by twenty-four bombers, on April 26, 1937 during the Spanish Civil War, and which he decided to name after it. You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. In December 1938 they moved upon Catalonia in the northeast, forcing the Republican armies there northward toward France. Republicans was the presence of the International Brigades. an aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance. $24.99 The Triple Alliance was begun in 1879 by Bismarck, who wanted to keep France at a distance. Japanese city in which the second atomic bomb was dropped (August 9, 1945). Spanish popular front The Bosnian crisis occurred when Austria, who had made a previous agreement with Russia to support opening up the Straits for warships if Russia supported Austria. In this The Germans essentially told the Austrians to stand firm, so which resulted in the Austrians sending Serbia a harsh ultimatum (this demanded things such as allowing Austrian officials to investigate and punish the assassinator). In response, France, under Poincar, occupied the Ruhr Area. . He supported the rebels against the Nationalists took control quickly, in many cases aided by supplies from Benito Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. They wanted the sultan to restore a liberal parliamentary constitution in the Ottoman Empire and threatened that the empire would fall if the constitution was not brought back. Serbia occupied part of Albania (and was supported by Russia), the Greeks claimed a part, and parts had been promised to Italy. military problems similar to those of the Republicans. They assured an alliance with each other while agreeing to support each other against Allied powers. Unsuccessful German attack on the city of Stalingrad during World War II from 1942 to 1943, that was the furthest extent of German advance into the Soviet Union. One source of support for the He was executed with his family shortly thereafter in 1918. a Swiss psychiatrist and founder of analytical psychology. While the European democracies stayed aloof, totalitarian powers both communist and fascist sent soldiers and supplies. As the bloody conflict escalated, the Republican War almost entirely in France. There were two battles of El Alamein, both during 1942. The alliance started to break apart in 1936, completely disbanding in 1938. A. Thomas is a very unusual author,;\overset{\textit{\color{#c34632}{;}}}{{,\\\color{#c34632}{_\wedge}}},; she wrote her first book at the age of thirteen. It resulted in three major treaties: Four-Power Treaty, Five-Power Treaty and the Nine-Power Treaty and a number of smaller agreements. Get Annual Plans at a discount when you buy 2 or more! overthrow the government. He was later in command of the German forces opposing the Allied cross-channel invasion at Normandy. Made many demands against Germany to cut down its size and to reimburse France, which had been devastated by the war. AP European History Terms: World War II: Ms., Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Milady - Chapter 11 - Disorders and Diseases, USCG Rules Lights & Shapes (Rules 23 & 24), Letter to the author/ editor - useful phrases. The Bulgarians claimed more of Macedonia than the Serbs wanted, leading to tension in the Balkans. Mola organized for military action in Pamplona, while Franco traveled to Morocco BY SPRING 1936 THE PLOT TO OVERTHROW THE OUTBREAK OF THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR COUP D'?TAT Generals Mola, Goded, Fanjul and Franco (later) Sanjurjo was nominal leader but he was in exile in Portugal Mola became the main organiser Included lots of younger, more junior officers Met 8 March 1936 Agreed that if Caballero took . The Algeciras Conference was begun by Germany after it had tested the new French-British understanding by sending a warship to the Tangier where Kaiser William II made a speech favoring Moroccan independence. The goal of these operations as planned by the Germans was to split the British and American Allied line in half, capturing Antwerp and then proceeding to encircle and destroy four Allied armies, forcing the Western Allies to negotiate a peace treaty in the Axis's favor. It was the first disarmament conference in history, and is studied by political scientists as a model for a successful disarmament movement. His most prominent work, it is popularly known for its extended length and the notion of involuntary memory, the most famous example being the "episode of the madeleine". French fighters in World War II, who decided to continue fighting against Axis forces after the surrender of France and subsequent German occupation. Along with Marcel Proust and Virginia Woolf, he is a key figure in the development of the modernist novel. consolidated support for the republic, and by May 1937 were entrenched in From 1936 to 1939, civil war raged in Spain, on the periphery of continental politics. The Loyalist volunteers arrived in Spain as wellthe International Brigades, about 40,000 volunteers from Europe and the United States, democrats, socialists, communists, and workers eager to fight for a new order. Review the vocabulary word listed below. by the end of March. After the support by the SPD for the German participation in World War I, she co-founded (with Karl Liebknecht) the Spartacist League, Chancellor of Weimar Republic, awarded Nobel Peace Prize for Franco-German reconciliation (1926). The painting is full of energy but there is no color and its monochrome, nighttime palette is bleak and disorientating. In the Spanish Civil War, service for Spaniards living abroad was optional and would have involved a voluntary return to the country to join either side. How was the Spanish Civil War a preview for World War II? Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from 1945 to 1951; the first Labour Prime Minister to serve a full Parliamentary term and the first to have a majority in Parliament. political idealism. This man led the Fascists, fighting republican forces. Code name for the U.S. effort during World War II to produce the atomic bomb. However, this It began in the United States and quickly spread to Europe and every part of the world, with devastating effects in both industrialized countries and those which export raw materials. The Ardennes attack was planned in total secrecy in almost total radio silence. It was carried out specifically by removing those involved from positions of influence and by disbanding or rendering impotent the organizations associated with it. He rose from humble origins to become the first Labour Prime Minister in 1924. Omissions? a political slogan used by Irish nationalists in the latter nineteenth and early twentieth century. The following day the remnant of the Republican government surrendered; Franco would establish himself as dictator and remain in power until his death on November 20, 1975. Despite the division, the government managed to engage the greatest war effort since the First World War. French Radical-Socialist politician, and Prime Minister of France at the beginning of World War II. one of the dominant political figures in 20th century Ireland. Her most famous works include the novels Mrs. Dalloway (1925), To the Lighthouse (1927), and Orlando (1928), and the book-length essay A Room of One's Own (1929) with its famous dictum, "a woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction". With only limited support from France, and none at all from By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. The Paris Fair would give him an opportunity to bring the atrocities visited on the defenseless people of Guernica to the attention of the world, and so he set to work. The Germans were far less generous, but sent the famous Condor When the USS Maine sank, the United States believed the tragedy was the result of Spanish sabotage and declared war on Spain. a propaganda film by the German filmmaker Leni Riefenstahl. their involvement, and hundreds of airplanes were sent, along with tanks and "subhuman creatures," those Hitler did not believe he needed to treat humanely. These groups of English Civil War Thirty Years' War (2000) "Leadership determines the fate of a country." Evaluate this quotation in reference to Spain's experience under Philip II. extent as the Republicans. In 1939, the Fascist forces won (with help from Italy and Germany). The Little Entente was an alliance formed in 1920 and 1921 by Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia to defend itself against Hungary and the rise of the Habsburgs. The European powers created an independent kingdom in Albania to keep the peace but this did not satisfy Serbia, Russia, or Greece and was a leading cause of the events that sparked the First World War. Italian system of the 1930's that broke economic life into 22 areas. It outlined the hopes of the democracies and their intentions for improvements after World War II; Renunciation of territorial aggression, No territorial changes without the consent of the peoples concerned, Restoration of sovereign rights and self-government, Access to raw material for all nations, World economic cooperation, Freedom from fear and want, Freedom of the seas, Disarmament of aggressors. Held between Britain, America, and the USSR: *Chose Europe's west coast as point of attack instead of the Mediterranean Sea -- led to Soviet Union occupying Eastern Europe, FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. .And Generalismo Franco Franco is still dead. A British army general who defeated the Germans at El Alamein in Egypt, and began pursuing them westward. Spanish Civil War, (1936-39) Military revolt against the government of Spain.After the 1936 elections produced a Popular Front government supported mainly by left-wing parties, a military uprising began in garrison towns throughout Spain, led by the rebel Nationalists and supported by conservative elements in the clergy, military, and landowners as well as the fascist Falange. The war was an outcome of a polarization of Spanish life and politics that had developed over previous decades. On September 2, 1945, the Japanese emperor formally surrendered on this ship in Tokyo Bay. Many people who believed in Pan-Slavism wanted Russia to extend its borders into the Balkans. Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! Hitler unleashed his air force or Luftwaffe, including the entire Condor Legion, which practiced in Spain the tactics it would use in the larger conflict to come. on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% Correct the punctuation in the following sentences by placing semicolons and colons where they are needed. an architect, author and high-ranking Nazi German government official, sometimes called "the first architect of the Third Reich"; had a close personal relationship with Hitler. While Picasso expressed anger and condemnation of Franco and the Fascists through his art he did not take up arms against them. The actual Manhattan Project did not take place in NY. By the time the fighting ended on June 2, 1945, the U.S. had lost 50,000 men and the Japanese 100,000. It was a breeding ground for mass atrocities. These treaties preserved peace during the 1920s but are also credited with enabling the rise of the Japanese Empire as a naval power leading up to World War II. She was a theorist of the Social Democratic Party of the Kingdom of Poland, later becoming involved in the German SPD, followed by the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany. - Chevy Chase, SNL . You'll be billed after your free trial ends. This region had coal mines and was the center of steel production for the Germans. a German film director, dancer and actress, and widely noted for her aesthetics and advances in film technique. for a group? an influential Swiss Reformed Christian theologian. This war was begun when Italy declared war on Turkey and conquered Tripoli and the Dodecanese Islands. The ship had ten guns and was bigger and faster than previous ships. Britain, as a result, stood by France all the more firmly. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The union of Austria with Germany, resulting from the occupation of Austria by the German army in 1938. a region of Czechoslovakia where many Germans lived; demanded by Hitler in 1938 to have control of this land; when Czechs refused, Hitler threatened war. Corrections? Much of the early research was done in New York City by refugee physicists in the United States. General Francisco Franco At that time Spain was in the grip of a civil war and in April 1937, in broad daylight, the population of the small town of Guernica in the Republican-held Basque region of Spain was devastated by German bombers and fighters from the Condor Legion acting on General Franco's orders. His third period as Prime Minister was during the crisis of the Great Depression when he formed a "National Government" in which a majority of MPs were from the Conservatives, and as a result he was expelled from the Labour Party. They fought against Spanish Nationalist forces, who were led by General Francisco Franco and assisted by Nazi German and Fascist Italian forces. a British politician and three times Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. He is best known for his landmark novel Ulysses. If I've gotten a term wrong, join the "AP Euro - NDHS" Quizlet group, and you should be able to correct it. It won the May 1936 legislative elections, leading to the formation of a government first headed by SFIO leader Lon Blum and exclusively composed of Radical-Socialist and SFIO ministers. The Republican government, beginning in September 1936, was headed by the socialist leader Francisco Largo Caballero. Spanish civil war In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. The Second Balkan War was over Albania, a mainly Muslim region in the Adriatic. instructors. They laid siege to it but were unable to get beyond the University City area. One of the most recognized figures in 20th century art, he is best known as the co-founder, along with Georges Braque, of cubism. divided between the socialists of the extreme left and the monarchists of the an English novelist and essay writer who is regarded as one of the foremost modernist literary figures of the twentieth century. Ferried back to Spain in Italian ships, under the leadership of the general Francisco Franco, the Nationalists, as they were called, took control of the Spanish central region, which supported the rising. The new constituent assembly was dominated by socialists, communists, anarchists, and syndicalists. Her most famous works are documentary propaganda films for the German Nazi Party. His term of endearment for JEws. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Proofread the following paragraphs, correcting any misspelled words or errors in the use of numbers. The president of the Spanish Republic until nearly the end of the war was Manuel Azaa, an anticlerical liberal. Europe was divided by the "iron curtain'. On October 1, 1936, he was named head of state and set up a government in Burgos. An elected center-left government faced a military revolt that eventually resulted in the creation of an authoritarian regime. The uprising consisted of military action between the existing republican government and a nationalist faction led by a military General called Francisco Franco. seven agreements negotiated at Locarno, Switzerland on 5 October - 16 October 1925 and formally signed in London on December 1, in which the World War I Western European Allied powers and the new states of central and Eastern Europe sought to secure the post-war territorial settlement, in return normalizing relations with defeated Germany (which was, by this time, the Weimar Republic). one of the most distinguished German field marshals of World War II. Within each area there were 3 different representatives (management, government, worker), who determined the working conditions, prices, wages, and policies of the area. on 50-99 accounts. Tsar of Russia from 1894-1917, who is largely described as being in the wrong position at the wrong time. pact in which Chamberlain accepted the seperation of the Sudetenland from the Czechs. AP Euro. Government of the unoccupied part of France after the countries defeat by Germany, French general and statesman who became very popular during World War II as the leader of the Free French forces in exile (1890-1970). It called for the elimination of primarily Jews, but also non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled. Following the end of the Spanish civil war in 1939, the bodies of 1,700 Republicans -soldiers, civilians, people caught in the wrong place at the wrong time - were carted through the centre. The English Civil War began a historical precedent in the way the monarchs are seen in Western Europe. II. The wars end brought a period of dictatorship that lasted until the mid-1970s. The ruling Republican government, led by the socialist premiers Francisco Largo Caballero and Juan Negrn (18941956) and the liberal president Manuel Azaa y Daz, was supported by workers and many in the educated middle class as well as militant anarchists and communists. 800 British ships, ranging from warships to fishing boats, crossed the channel from England to rescue over 300,000 British and French troops. You'll also receive an email with the link. Create your own unique website with customizable templates. One major difference setting the Nationalists apart from the Republicans was On April 1, 1945, they invaded Okinawa, only 300 miles south of the Japanese home islands. The Civil War took place because the rising was successful only in Old Castile, in Navarra, where Carlist support was decisive, and, of the larger towns, in Zaragoza, Sevilla, Crdoba, Valladolid, and Cdiz. Stalins Soviet Union fed the Loyalists supplies and armaments, for which it required payment in full, and in gold. Kafka's works - including the stories Das Urteil (1913, "The Judgement"), In der Strafkolonie (1920, "In the Penal Colony"); the novella Die Verwandlung ("The Metamorphosis"); and unfinished novels Der Prozess ("The Trial") and Das Schlo ("The Castle") - have come to embody the blend of absurd, surreal and mundane which gave rise to the adjective "kafkaesque". Moltke, however, gave too-vague orders to the troops on the French front, resulting in a retreat. tanks, superior to the German Mark IIs, arrived in October, along with advanced Last Saturday my grandmother's twin sisters, Aunt Maeve and Aunt Margaret, celebrated their sixtyeth birthdays in an enormous family gathering at La Vista Park. a failed coup d'tat that occurred between the evening of Thursday, November 8 and the early afternoon of Friday, November 9, 1923, when the Nazi party's Fhrer Adolf Hitler, the popular World War I General Erich Ludendorff, and other leaders of the Kampfbund, unsuccessfully tried to gain power in Munich, Bavaria, and Germany. After the war, he was crucial in the implementation of the Marshall Plan, which greatly accelerated Western Europe's economic recovery. He was later in command of the German forces opposing the Allied cross-channel invasion at Normandy. difficulties. occurred in 1923 when Germany stopped making their reparation payments required by the Treaty of Versailles. Falange in the Pre-Civil-War Years, 1933-1936 Early Fascist Movements On July 17, 1936, army officers in Spanish Morocco, North Africa, launched a revolt against the government. A war of attrition began. Franco became dictator of Spain until he died in 1975. Wed love to have you back! 22 Life in the Emerging Urban Society. A bit of a rabid dog. Hitler commissioned the film and served as an unofficial executive producer, an fascist political organization founded by Jos Antonio Primo de Rivera in 1933 in opposition to the Second Spanish Republic. He sought to introduce mathematics into philosophy, and rejected ambiguities of languages applied to morals and values. On April 14, 1931 the Spanish monarchy was declared overthrown and a provisional government took power. This was a treaty signed between Fascist brothers Adolph Hitler and Benito Mussolini. Good Night and have a pleasant tomorrow. One cause was that Spain wanted Independence extreme right. Franco's wing One of the most striking images of 20th-century art, Guernica is a nightmare vision of violence, pain, and chaos. While the European democracies stayed aloof, totalitarian powers both communist and fascist sent soldiers and supplies. but he knew nothing of the generals' plans. Chamberlain flew to Munich to attend summit w/France, Italy & Germany; discussed future of Czechoslovakia; led to transfer of all Sudenten territories to Germany in return of Hitler promising respect sovereignty of remainder of Czechoslovakia, Nonaggression treaty between Russia and Germany allowing Germany to fight a one front war until Germany violated treaty by invading Russia, "Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland n 1939, "Phony War" with Hitler in 1939-1940 where Hitler prepared for his attack. It was a turning point for World War II. Germany and Italy sent troops, tanks, and planes to aid the Nationalists. for a customized plan. the Royal Irish Constabulary Reserve Force, which was one of two paramilitary forces employed by the Royal Irish Constabulary from 1920 to 1921, to suppress revolution in Ireland by targeting the IRA. SparkNotes PLUS The strongly nationalistic PM of France during WWI, who helped negotiate the Treaty of Versailles. Spanish Civil War This war broke out in 1936, and made the new European alignment that found the Western democracies on one side and the fascist states on the other clearer. one of the most distinguished German field marshals of World War II. Initial Nationalist zone July 1936 bombing. 100 Years' War Four causes are a dynastic dispute, Duchy of Aquitaine (England claim as ancient inheritance, Edward III claim Aquitaine and FR throne as edest heir of Philip the Frair), civil war in FR made war longer, economic factors (Flanders wool important to ENG). The Nationalists, as the rebels were called, received aid from Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. The disestablishment of the Roman Catholic Church was one platform on which nearly all agreed. In the ensuing years, the government became increasingly divided between the socialists of the extreme left and the monarchists of the extreme right. government took power. January 1939. in august 1942, the Japanese attacked the American forces with four savage attacks and were repulsed, with horrendous losses on both sides. until his death in 1975. The rebels How was the Spanish Civil War a preview for World War II? of the army was the most successful of the nationalist forces, and he was a While ground combat was somewhat reminiscent of World War Itanks had a comparatively limited role, and lines remained fixed for months at a timeHermann Grings Luftwaffe offered a glimpse of the role that air power would play in the German blitzkrieg. The Triple Entente was formed because France, after forming the entente cordiale with Britain, wanted to reconcile its other ally, Russia, with Britain. an international organization that oversees the global financial system by observing exchange rates and balance of payments, as well as offering financial and technical assistance when requested. The U.S. had frozen Japanese assets and cut off their oil supplies, which hindered Japan's plans for expansion.
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